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Article 16 - Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse
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References
Principles for the
Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health
Care
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, forty-sixth session, Resolution
46/119 of 17 December 1991
Principles 1 (3), 8 (2), 9, 11, 15-18, 22
Principle 1 - Fundamental freedoms and basic rights
3. All persons with a mental illness, or who are being treated as such persons,
have the right to protection from economic, sexual and other forms of exploitation,
physical or other abuse and degrading treatment.
Principle 8 - Standards of care
2. Every patient shall be protected from harm, including unjustified medication,
abuse by other patients, staff or others or other acts causing mental distress
or physical discomfort.
Principle 9 - Treatment
• Every patient shall have the right to be treated in the least restrictive
environment and with the least restrictive or intrusive treatment appropriate
to the patient's health needs and the need to protect the physical safety of
others.
• The treatment and care of every patient shall be based on an individually
prescribed plan, discussed with the patient, reviewed regularly, revised as
necessary and provided by qualified professional staff.
• Mental health care shall always be provided in accordance with applicable
standards of ethics for mental health practitioners, including internationally
accepted standards such as the Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly. Mental health knowledge and skills shall never be
abused.
• The treatment of every patient shall be directed towards preserving and enhancing
personal autonomy.
Principle 11 - Consent to treatment
• No treatment shall be given to a patient without his or her informed consent,
except as provided for in paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 13 and 15 below.
• Informed consent is consent obtained freely, without threats or improper inducements,
after appropriate disclosure to the patient of adequate and understandable information
in a form and language understood by the patient on:
a. The diagnostic assessment;
b. The purpose, method, Likely duration and expected benefit of the proposed
treatment;
c. Alternative modes of treatment, including those less intrusive; and
d. Possible pain or discomfort, risks and side-effects of the proposed treatment.
• A patient may request the presence of a person or persons of the patient's
choosing during the procedure for granting consent.
• A patient has the right to refuse or stop treatment, except as provided for
in paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 13 and 15 below. The consequences of refusing or stopping
treatment must be explained to the patient.
• A patient shall never be invited or induced to waive the right to informed
consent. If the patient should seek to do so, it shall be explained to the patient
that the treatment cannot be given without informed consent.
• Except as provided in paragraphs 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 and 15 below, a proposed
plan of treatment may be given to a patient without a patient's informed consent
if the following conditions are satisfied:
a. The patient is, at the relevant time, held as an involuntary patient;
b. An independent authority, having in its possession all relevant information,
including the information specified in paragraph 2 above, is satisfied that,
at the relevant time, the patient lacks the capacity to give or withhold informed
consent to the proposed plan of treatment or, if domestic legislation so provides,
that, having regard to the patient's own safety or the safety of others, the
patient unreasonably withholds such consent; and
c. The independent authority is satisfied that the proposed plan of treatment
is in the best interest of the patient's health needs.
• Paragraph 6 above does not apply to a patient with a personal representative
empowered by law to consent to treatment for the patient; but, except as provided
in paragraphs 12, 13, 14 and 15 below, treatment may be given to such a patient
without his or her informed consent if the personal representative, having been
given the information described in paragraph 2 above, consents on the patient's
behalf.
• Except as provided in paragraphs 12, 13, 14 and 15 below, treatment may also
be given to any patient without the patient's informed consent if a qualified
mental health practitioner authorized by law determines that it is urgently
necessary in order to prevent immediate or imminent harm to the patient or to
other persons. Such treatment shall not be prolonged beyond the period that
is strictly necessary for this purpose.
• Where any treatment is authorized without the patient's informed consent,
every effort shall nevertheless be made to inform the patient about the nature
of the treatment and any possible alternatives and to involve the patient as
far as practicable in the development of the treatment plan.
• All treatment shall be immediately recorded in the patient's medical records,
with an indication of whether involuntary or voluntary.
• Physical restraint or involuntary seclusion of a patient shall not be employed
except in accordance with the officially approved procedures of the mental health
facility and only when it is the only means available to prevent immediate or
imminent harm to the patient or others. It shall not be prolonged beyond the
period which is strictly necessary for this purpose. All instances of physical
restraint or involuntary seclusion, the reasons for them and their nature and
extent shall be recorded in the patient's medical record. A patient who is restrained
or secluded shall be kept under humane conditions and be under the care and
close and regular supervision of qualified members of the staff. A personal
representative, if any and if relevant, shall be given prompt notice of any
physical restraint or involuntary seclusion of the patient.
• Sterilization shall never be carried out as a treatment for mental illness.
• A major medical or surgical procedure may be carried out on a person with
mental illness only where it is permitted by domestic law, where it is considered
that it would best serve the health needs of the patient and where the patient
gives informed consent, except that, where the patient is unable to give informed
consent, the procedure shall be authorized only after independent review.
• Psychosurgery and other intrusive and irreversible treatments for mental illness
shall never be carried out on a patient who is an involuntary patient in a mental
health facility and, to the extent that domestic law permits them to be carried
out, they may be carried out on any other patient only where the patient has
given informed consent and an independent external body has satisfied itself
that there is genuine informed consent and that the treatment best serves the
health needs of the patient.
• Clinical trials and experimental treatment shall never be carried out on any
patient without informed consent, except that a patient who is unable to give
informed consent may be admitted to a clinical trial or given experimental treatment,
but only with the approval of a competent, independent review body specifically
constituted for this purpose.
• In the cases specified in paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 13, 14 and 15 above, the patient
or his or her personal representative, or any interested person, shall have
the right to appeal to a judicial or other independent authority concerning
any treatment given to him or her.
Principle 15 - Admission principles
• Where a person needs treatment in a mental health facility, every effort shall
be made to avoid involuntary admission.
• Access to a mental health facility shall be administered in the same way as
access to any other facility for any other illness.
• Every patient not admitted involuntarily shall have the right to leave the
mental health facility at any time unless the criteria for his or her retention
as an involuntary patient, as set forth in Principle 16, apply, and he or she
shall be informed of that right.
Principle 16 - Involuntary admission
• A person may (a) be admitted involuntarily to a mental health facility as
a patient; or (b) having already been admitted voluntarily as a patient, be
retained as an involuntary patient in the mental health facility if, and only
if, a qualified mental health practitioner authorized by law for that purpose
determines, in accordance with Principle 4, that person has a mental illness
and considers:
a. That, because of that mental illness, there is a serious likelihood of immediate
or imminent harm to that person or to other persons; or
b. That, in the case of a person whose mental illness is severe and whose judgement
is impaired, failure to admit or retain that person is likely to lead to a serious
deterioration in his or her condition or will prevent the giving of appropriate
treatment that can only be given by admission to a mental health facility in
accordance with the principle of the least restrictive alternative.
In the case referred to in subparagraph (b), a second such mental health practitioner,
independent of the first, should be consulted where possible. If such consultation
takes place, the involuntary admission or retention may not take place unless
the second mental health practitioner concurs.
• Involuntary admission or retention shall initially be for a short period as
specified by domestic law for observation and preliminary treatment pending
review of the admission or retention by the review body. The grounds of the
admission shall be communicated to the patient without delay and the fact of
the admission and the grounds for it shall also be communicated promptly and
in detail to the review body, to the patient's personal representative, if any,
and, unless the patient objects, to the patient's family.
• A mental health facility may receive involuntarily admitted patients only
if the facility has been designated to do so by a competent authority prescribed
by domestic law.
Principle 17 - Review body
• The review body shall be a judicial or other independent and impartial body
established by domestic law and functioning in accordance with procedures laid
down by domestic law. It shall, in formulating its decisions, have the assistance
of one or more qualified and independent mental health practitioners and take
their advice into account.
• The review body's initial review, as required by paragraph 2 of Principle
16, of a decision to admit or retain a person as an involuntary patient shall
take place as soon as possible after that decision and shall be conducted in
accordance with simple and expeditious procedures as specified by domestic law.
• The review body shall periodically review the cases of involuntary patients
at reasonable intervals as specified by domestic law.
• An involuntary patient may apply to the review body for release or voluntary
status, at reasonable intervals as specified by domestic law.
• At each review, the review body shall consider whether the criteria for involuntary
admission set out in paragraph 1 of Principle 16 are still satisfied, and, if
not, the patient shall be discharged as an involuntary patient.
• If at any time the mental health practitioner responsible for the case is
satisfied that the conditions for the retention of a person as an involuntary
patient are no longer satisfied, he or she shall order the discharge of that
person as such a patient.
• A patient or his personal representative or any interested person shall have
the right to appeal to a higher court against a decision that the patient be
admitted to, or be retained in, a mental health facility.
Principle 18 - Procedural safeguards
• The patient shall be entitled to choose and appoint a counsel to represent
the patient as such, including representation in any complaint procedure or
appeal. If the patient does not secure such services, a counsel shall be made
available without payment by the patient to the extent that the patient lacks
sufficient means to pay.
• The patient shall also be entitled to the assistance, if necessary, of the
services of an interpreter. Where such services are necessary and the patient
does not secure them, they shall be made available without payment by the patient
to the extent that the patient lacks sufficient means to pay.
• The patient and the patient's counsel may request and produce at any hearing
an independent mental health report and any other reports and oral, written
and other evidence that are relevant and admissible.
• Copies of the patient's records and any reports and documents to be submitted
shall be given to the patient and to the patient's counsel, except in special
cases where it is determined that a specific disclosure to the patient would
cause serious harm to the patient's health or put at risk the safety of others.
As domestic law may provide, any document not given to the patient should, when
this can be done in confidence, be given to the patient's personal representative
and counsel. When any part of a document is withheld from a patient, the patient
or the patient's counsel, if any, shall receive notice of the withholding and
the reasons for it and shall be subject to judicial review.
• The patient and the patient's personal representative and counsel shall be
entitled to attend, participate and be heard personally in any hearing.
• If the patient or the patient's personal representative or counsel requests
that a particular person be present at a hearing, that person shall be admitted
unless it is determined that the person's presence could cause serious harm
to the patient's health or put at risk the safety of others.
• Any decision whether the hearing or any part of it shall be in public or in
private and may be publicly reported shall give full consideration to the patient's
own wishes, to the need to respect the privacy of the patient and of other persons
and to the need to prevent serious harm to the patient's health or to avoid
putting at risk the safety of others.
• The decision arising out of the hearing and the reasons for it shall be expressed
in writing. Copies shall be given to the patient and his or her personal representative
and counsel. In deciding whether the decision shall be published in whole or
in part, full consideration shall be given to the patient's own wishes, to the
need to respect his or her privacy and that of other persons, to the public
interest in the open administration of justice and to the need to prevent serious
harm to the patient's health or to avoid putting at risk the safety of others.
Principle 22 - Monitoring and remedies
States shall ensure that appropriate mechanisms are in force to promote compliance
with these Principles, for the inspection of mental health facilities, for the
submission, investigation and resolution of complaints and for the institution
of appropriate disciplinary or judicial proceedings for professional misconduct
or violation of the rights of a patient.